Object. To investigate effects of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) related blockade in sepsis animals. Methods. Two reviewers\nindependently searched electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to February 2017. Strict\nliterature retrieval and data extraction were performed to extract relevant data. Data analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3\nsoftware and Stata version 12.0. And relative risks (RRs) for survival rate were calculated. A fixed-effectmodel was selected to pool\nand a forest plot was used to display RRs. Results. Four studies involving 394 animals were finally included. Nine control groups\nare used to pool. A fixed-effect model was applied to estimate a pooled RR of 2.19 (95% CI: 1.74â??2.76), indicating that PD-1 related\nblockade increased survival rate in sepsis animals. Conclusion. We concluded that PD-1 related blockade can improve survival of\nanimals with sepsis. But robust standardized clinical experiments for sepsis patients are highly desirable.\n1. Introduction\nSepsis is a complication caused by a disorder of host response\nto infection. Septic shock is a serious disease characterized\nby circulatory and cellular/metabolic dysfunction which is\nassociated with a higher risk of mortality [1]. Not only is\nsepsis an important health and economic issue worldwide,\nbut it is also a condition that is associated with morbidity\nand mortality in many hospitals. Moreover, the quality of\nlife for the survivors of sepsis is impaired [2]. Over the\npast few decades, although antibiotics and fluid resuscitation\nhave been used to counter sepsis widely, it remains the third\nmost common disease that results in death in the United\nStates [3] and there is an urgent need to develop novel\ntherapies to treat sepsis [4]. Evidence from previous studies\nhas indicated that, after the initial proinflammatory phase,\nsepsis is assumed to be severe immunosuppression, which is\nan important cause of deterioration in patients [5]. Several\nimmunopathologic mechanisms have been reported to be\ninvolved in sepsis-induced immune alterations affecting both\ninnate and adaptive immunities [6]. Therefore, inhibiting\nthese immunopathologic alterations is widely
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